1 00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:03,640 [Music] 2 00:00:10,129 --> 00:00:06,289 good evening ladies and gents how we all 3 00:00:12,789 --> 00:00:10,139 doing tonight backwards well thank you 4 00:00:15,289 --> 00:00:12,799 all as always for coming out to join us 5 00:00:17,180 --> 00:00:15,299 space-based measurement techniques have 6 00:00:19,490 --> 00:00:17,190 recently become critical additions to 7 00:00:21,550 --> 00:00:19,500 our toolset for understanding and 8 00:00:26,359 --> 00:00:21,560 mapping the damage caused by earthquakes 9 00:00:28,029 --> 00:00:26,369 volcanic eruptions landslides and yes 10 00:00:30,470 --> 00:00:28,039 and last night's hurricanes and floods 11 00:00:32,630 --> 00:00:30,480 for example the ability to see through 12 00:00:34,459 --> 00:00:32,640 clouds to image changes on the ground to 13 00:00:36,139 --> 00:00:34,469 provided valuable data for FEMA's 14 00:00:36,770 --> 00:00:36,149 response to last year's hurricanes 15 00:00:39,709 --> 00:00:36,780 Harvey 16 00:00:41,630 --> 00:00:39,719 Irma and Maria the advanced rapid 17 00:00:44,660 --> 00:00:41,640 imaging and analysis project a joint 18 00:00:46,910 --> 00:00:44,670 Caltech JPL venture is focused on 19 00:00:49,729 --> 00:00:46,920 rapidly generating higher-level near 20 00:00:51,529 --> 00:00:49,739 real-time imaging products and placing 21 00:00:54,369 --> 00:00:51,539 them in the hands of the various natural 22 00:00:56,689 --> 00:00:54,379 hazard communities to help improve 23 00:00:59,660 --> 00:00:56,699 situational awareness for disaster 24 00:01:02,389 --> 00:00:59,670 response tonight's guest is a JPL 25 00:01:04,759 --> 00:01:02,399 principal section manager discipline 26 00:01:06,560 --> 00:01:04,769 program manager and the project lead for 27 00:01:09,140 --> 00:01:06,570 the advanced rapid imaging and analysis 28 00:01:11,780 --> 00:01:09,150 project she's also currently serving as 29 00:01:13,880 --> 00:01:11,790 president of the AG ug Odyssey section 30 00:01:17,749 --> 00:01:13,890 as she was previously board chair of 31 00:01:19,550 --> 00:01:17,759 Univ Co through 2011 and 2012 her 32 00:01:22,280 --> 00:01:19,560 science interests include geodetic 33 00:01:25,219 --> 00:01:22,290 imaging of solid earth processes and 34 00:01:27,170 --> 00:01:25,229 natural hazards in particular GPS data 35 00:01:28,999 --> 00:01:27,180 analysis techniques for improving 36 00:01:32,090 --> 00:01:29,009 understanding of earthquake and volcanic 37 00:01:34,999 --> 00:01:32,100 processes her personal interests include 38 00:01:38,120 --> 00:01:35,009 running to the extent that once she 39 00:01:41,539 --> 00:01:38,130 competed in and completed a 100-mile 40 00:01:44,300 --> 00:01:41,549 ultramarathon back in 2015 it took 41 00:01:46,480 --> 00:01:44,310 forever but she finished which is far 42 00:01:48,980 --> 00:01:46,490 more than what I ever would have done so 43 00:01:58,570 --> 00:01:48,990 so ladies and gents please help me 44 00:02:02,030 --> 00:02:00,050 hello 45 00:02:05,030 --> 00:02:02,040 thank you all for coming thank you for 46 00:02:07,160 --> 00:02:05,040 inviting me to be here I'm really 47 00:02:08,810 --> 00:02:07,170 excited to talk to you tonight about a 48 00:02:14,180 --> 00:02:08,820 project that we've been working on for 49 00:02:18,080 --> 00:02:14,190 about eight years or so so this project 50 00:02:20,300 --> 00:02:18,090 has been to take data that we've been 51 00:02:24,140 --> 00:02:20,310 using to study natural hazards and apply 52 00:02:26,540 --> 00:02:24,150 it to disaster response and sorry I 53 00:02:31,520 --> 00:02:26,550 should have tested this out there there 54 00:02:34,160 --> 00:02:31,530 got it so there's a difference between a 55 00:02:36,170 --> 00:02:34,170 natural hazard and a disaster and this 56 00:02:38,180 --> 00:02:36,180 quote is one way to think about the 57 00:02:40,400 --> 00:02:38,190 difference another way to think about 58 00:02:42,470 --> 00:02:40,410 the difference is if a big earthquake 59 00:02:45,050 --> 00:02:42,480 happen in the middle of the woods and 60 00:02:46,820 --> 00:02:45,060 there wasn't any buildings around to 61 00:02:49,910 --> 00:02:46,830 collapse or any people around to be 62 00:02:52,250 --> 00:02:49,920 injured would anybody really care well 63 00:02:54,650 --> 00:02:52,260 if you're a scientist like me the answer 64 00:02:55,880 --> 00:02:54,660 is yes yes you care very much and you're 65 00:02:57,680 --> 00:02:55,890 really interested in studying the 66 00:02:59,810 --> 00:02:57,690 earthquake but if you're the fire 67 00:03:02,210 --> 00:02:59,820 department if you're FEMA if you're the 68 00:03:03,560 --> 00:03:02,220 news media you probably don't care all 69 00:03:06,650 --> 00:03:03,570 that much and it probably you know 70 00:03:08,540 --> 00:03:06,660 doesn't really get on your radar so 71 00:03:11,270 --> 00:03:08,550 another example of a difference between 72 00:03:13,430 --> 00:03:11,280 a hazard and a disaster is from the 73 00:03:15,830 --> 00:03:13,440 recent event hurricane Florence 74 00:03:18,770 --> 00:03:15,840 so when Hurricane Florence is over the 75 00:03:21,110 --> 00:03:18,780 ocean for the most people it's big and 76 00:03:23,540 --> 00:03:21,120 it's scary and it's massive it's a 77 00:03:25,970 --> 00:03:23,550 hazard but it doesn't become a disaster 78 00:03:28,220 --> 00:03:25,980 until it intersects with where people 79 00:03:32,120 --> 00:03:28,230 live causing flooding causing a lot of 80 00:03:34,880 --> 00:03:32,130 building damage so when a disaster 81 00:03:36,440 --> 00:03:34,890 happens it's really important to get 82 00:03:40,070 --> 00:03:36,450 information and there's different types 83 00:03:42,800 --> 00:03:40,080 of information that we want in order to 84 00:03:44,900 --> 00:03:42,810 improve our disaster response the first 85 00:03:47,180 --> 00:03:44,910 thing that we want is a really good 86 00:03:49,160 --> 00:03:47,190 forecast so these are two examples of 87 00:03:51,979 --> 00:03:49,170 two different types of forecasts there's 88 00:03:53,930 --> 00:03:51,989 forecasts for rain that helps us predict 89 00:03:55,520 --> 00:03:53,940 where the where the really bad flooding 90 00:03:58,190 --> 00:03:55,530 is going to be where people need to 91 00:04:00,110 --> 00:03:58,200 evacuate and then there's forecasts for 92 00:04:02,740 --> 00:04:00,120 earthquakes which are forecasts that 93 00:04:05,540 --> 00:04:02,750 occur on a much different time scale 94 00:04:08,420 --> 00:04:05,550 rainfall forecast we get days and 95 00:04:11,120 --> 00:04:08,430 and gets updated frequently earthquake 96 00:04:13,100 --> 00:04:11,130 forecasts we're looking at predicting 97 00:04:15,710 --> 00:04:13,110 the probability of a significant 98 00:04:17,960 --> 00:04:15,720 earthquake over the next 30 years it's 99 00:04:19,850 --> 00:04:17,970 still useful for planning if you're in 100 00:04:21,740 --> 00:04:19,860 one of the blue areas on this map over 101 00:04:23,690 --> 00:04:21,750 here you don't really have to worry too 102 00:04:28,700 --> 00:04:23,700 much about earthquakes but if you live 103 00:04:32,180 --> 00:04:28,710 here in Pasadena you do and so we know 104 00:04:33,740 --> 00:04:32,190 that through forecasts like this user 105 00:04:37,280 --> 00:04:33,750 forecasts that have been put together by 106 00:04:39,680 --> 00:04:37,290 scientists another type of information 107 00:04:42,230 --> 00:04:39,690 that we get that helps us improve our 108 00:04:45,770 --> 00:04:42,240 ability to respond to disasters is data 109 00:04:48,200 --> 00:04:45,780 that we collect during the event so how 110 00:04:50,570 --> 00:04:48,210 the streams are rising after the 111 00:04:53,570 --> 00:04:50,580 rainfall has started in response to 112 00:04:56,330 --> 00:04:53,580 Hurricane Florence or there's buoys that 113 00:04:58,340 --> 00:04:56,340 people put out into the ocean to try and 114 00:05:00,440 --> 00:04:58,350 measure tsunamis so after the earthquake 115 00:05:02,900 --> 00:05:00,450 has happened and the tsunami has started 116 00:05:05,000 --> 00:05:02,910 these buoys can measure the wave height 117 00:05:06,950 --> 00:05:05,010 of the tsunami and warn people on the 118 00:05:09,160 --> 00:05:06,960 coast about exactly how large it's going 119 00:05:12,350 --> 00:05:09,170 to be but the event has already started 120 00:05:14,480 --> 00:05:12,360 then on the far right there there's an 121 00:05:16,160 --> 00:05:14,490 image of Kilauea Volcano and those 122 00:05:19,160 --> 00:05:16,170 little dots are earthquakes earthquakes 123 00:05:21,560 --> 00:05:19,170 are another way of us understanding a 124 00:05:23,900 --> 00:05:21,570 volcanic eruption wallets in process and 125 00:05:26,020 --> 00:05:23,910 also an earthquake sequence while it's 126 00:05:28,460 --> 00:05:26,030 starting so seismic data is another 127 00:05:30,740 --> 00:05:28,470 important data set that we can measure 128 00:05:34,670 --> 00:05:30,750 in order to understand a hazard or 129 00:05:37,490 --> 00:05:34,680 disaster as it's happening and then 130 00:05:41,120 --> 00:05:37,500 there is the information that tells us 131 00:05:44,240 --> 00:05:41,130 how has this hazard actually impacted 132 00:05:45,800 --> 00:05:44,250 people so where is the damage where is 133 00:05:48,409 --> 00:05:45,810 the infrastructure down where are the 134 00:05:51,350 --> 00:05:48,419 bridges out so following a lot of 135 00:05:53,570 --> 00:05:51,360 disasters it's pretty common for police 136 00:05:55,370 --> 00:05:53,580 fire departments to go out and do what's 137 00:05:57,170 --> 00:05:55,380 called a windshield survey so they'll 138 00:05:59,030 --> 00:05:57,180 drive around and trying to get an 139 00:06:01,070 --> 00:05:59,040 assessment of you know where the 140 00:06:03,560 --> 00:06:01,080 buildings damaged where is the flooding 141 00:06:06,170 --> 00:06:03,570 what roads are operational things like 142 00:06:08,630 --> 00:06:06,180 that and it's really important to 143 00:06:11,270 --> 00:06:08,640 understand in the you know after an 144 00:06:14,780 --> 00:06:11,280 earthquake or after a storm 145 00:06:17,719 --> 00:06:14,790 what infrastructure is still in place so 146 00:06:18,589 --> 00:06:17,729 this figure here of the bridge collapse 147 00:06:21,260 --> 00:06:18,599 from the 148 00:06:23,239 --> 00:06:21,270 Loma Prieta earthquake in 1989 is an 149 00:06:25,129 --> 00:06:23,249 example of where you know there's 150 00:06:27,529 --> 00:06:25,139 transportation infrastructure that's 151 00:06:29,659 --> 00:06:27,539 down and understanding the statuses 152 00:06:31,010 --> 00:06:29,669 transportation infrastructure is really 153 00:06:33,049 --> 00:06:31,020 important because in order to get 154 00:06:35,540 --> 00:06:33,059 resources into an area that's been 155 00:06:37,369 --> 00:06:35,550 affected by a disaster we need to know 156 00:06:40,699 --> 00:06:37,379 you know are the airports open and 157 00:06:43,239 --> 00:06:40,709 operable are the roads open are the 158 00:06:48,199 --> 00:06:43,249 ports open things like that and often 159 00:06:50,600 --> 00:06:48,209 telecommunications can be limited so all 160 00:06:53,269 --> 00:06:50,610 of this information builds a picture 161 00:06:55,730 --> 00:06:53,279 that we call situational awareness and 162 00:06:58,100 --> 00:06:55,740 all of this information is needed by 163 00:06:59,709 --> 00:06:58,110 people who work in emergency operation 164 00:07:03,589 --> 00:06:59,719 centers like this one 165 00:07:07,070 --> 00:07:03,599 so FEMA state and local agencies have 166 00:07:10,009 --> 00:07:07,080 emergency operation centers that get 167 00:07:12,980 --> 00:07:10,019 stood up and man's during a during a 168 00:07:14,509 --> 00:07:12,990 disaster and while it might not look 169 00:07:16,790 --> 00:07:14,519 like there's a lot happening here 170 00:07:18,529 --> 00:07:16,800 there's a lot of people on laptops maybe 171 00:07:21,529 --> 00:07:18,539 they're checking their email but in 172 00:07:24,469 --> 00:07:21,539 disaster response this is the room where 173 00:07:25,699 --> 00:07:24,479 it happens so in a disaster response 174 00:07:28,249 --> 00:07:25,709 what these people are doing is 175 00:07:30,649 --> 00:07:28,259 collecting information and sending it 176 00:07:33,049 --> 00:07:30,659 out to people so they know where to move 177 00:07:36,439 --> 00:07:33,059 the resources where to move the food and 178 00:07:40,069 --> 00:07:36,449 the water and the crews to help get the 179 00:07:41,959 --> 00:07:40,079 power back up so all that information is 180 00:07:46,309 --> 00:07:41,969 helping us build a picture of our 181 00:07:48,409 --> 00:07:46,319 situational awareness so we can help 182 00:07:50,629 --> 00:07:48,419 improve this picture of situational 183 00:07:53,059 --> 00:07:50,639 awareness by making observations from 184 00:07:54,859 --> 00:07:53,069 space and space gives us a unique 185 00:07:57,409 --> 00:07:54,869 perspective and so here are some 186 00:07:59,540 --> 00:07:57,419 examples of viewing hazards from space 187 00:08:02,119 --> 00:07:59,550 and I'm not going to talk about all the 188 00:08:04,369 --> 00:08:02,129 different techniques that nASA uses to 189 00:08:07,399 --> 00:08:04,379 measure disasters from space but here's 190 00:08:10,670 --> 00:08:07,409 here's just a sample and the point that 191 00:08:11,929 --> 00:08:10,680 I want to make here is that space gives 192 00:08:14,600 --> 00:08:11,939 us the ability to monitor things 193 00:08:16,429 --> 00:08:14,610 globally so you don't need to know in 194 00:08:18,619 --> 00:08:16,439 advance if the next volcanic eruption is 195 00:08:21,019 --> 00:08:18,629 going to be in Indonesia or in Iceland 196 00:08:23,749 --> 00:08:21,029 if you have a satellite that's 197 00:08:25,850 --> 00:08:23,759 monitoring the globe you don't you don't 198 00:08:28,279 --> 00:08:25,860 need to know which particular region you 199 00:08:30,920 --> 00:08:28,289 need to look at or focus on and space 200 00:08:31,690 --> 00:08:30,930 also gives us the opportunity to monitor 201 00:08:33,880 --> 00:08:31,700 things on a very 202 00:08:36,580 --> 00:08:33,890 large-scale we can see hurricanes from 203 00:08:38,740 --> 00:08:36,590 space we can see the entire island of 204 00:08:41,800 --> 00:08:38,750 Puerto Rico from space and we can see in 205 00:08:44,110 --> 00:08:41,810 this before and after image that after 206 00:08:47,110 --> 00:08:44,120 Hurricane Maria hit a lot of the lights 207 00:08:49,990 --> 00:08:47,120 were out so they had massive power 208 00:08:52,810 --> 00:08:50,000 outages caused by Hurricane Marija we 209 00:08:56,260 --> 00:08:52,820 can also see the entire extent of how 210 00:08:59,680 --> 00:08:56,270 the earth moved in in response to a 211 00:09:01,930 --> 00:08:59,690 massive earthquake so space gives us the 212 00:09:04,090 --> 00:09:01,940 ability to monitor to monitor globally 213 00:09:07,300 --> 00:09:04,100 and to see things in a very large scale 214 00:09:09,550 --> 00:09:07,310 that's difficult to do from a car from a 215 00:09:14,560 --> 00:09:09,560 windshield or even from an aerial survey 216 00:09:17,050 --> 00:09:14,570 from a plane there's another key feature 217 00:09:20,140 --> 00:09:17,060 of observing things from space observing 218 00:09:21,490 --> 00:09:20,150 hazards from space and that's that space 219 00:09:24,280 --> 00:09:21,500 is out of harm's way 220 00:09:25,870 --> 00:09:24,290 so if you're an astronaut or you're in 221 00:09:27,280 --> 00:09:25,880 space you might not think of space as 222 00:09:29,200 --> 00:09:27,290 being out of harm's way 223 00:09:31,360 --> 00:09:29,210 but if you're a researcher who's 224 00:09:32,950 --> 00:09:31,370 collecting observations from an Earth 225 00:09:34,990 --> 00:09:32,960 observing satellite you're sitting in 226 00:09:37,030 --> 00:09:35,000 your office it is out of harm's way 227 00:09:39,730 --> 00:09:37,040 you're not on the volcano you're not in 228 00:09:41,020 --> 00:09:39,740 the middle of this storm and the 229 00:09:42,960 --> 00:09:41,030 importance of this I want to illustrate 230 00:09:47,050 --> 00:09:42,970 the importance of this from a story from 231 00:09:48,280 --> 00:09:47,060 1980 the eruption of Mount st. Helens so 232 00:09:51,670 --> 00:09:48,290 some of you might have remembered that 233 00:09:55,570 --> 00:09:51,680 eruption is up in Washington State these 234 00:09:57,220 --> 00:09:55,580 pictures here were taken from the 235 00:10:00,280 --> 00:09:57,230 location where David Johnston 236 00:10:04,480 --> 00:10:00,290 a USGS geologist was making observations 237 00:10:07,210 --> 00:10:04,490 of the active volcano so it's it was 238 00:10:09,700 --> 00:10:07,220 about six miles from the summit of Mount 239 00:10:12,310 --> 00:10:09,710 st. Helens it was in a relatively safe 240 00:10:14,050 --> 00:10:12,320 location he was measuring the gas being 241 00:10:15,610 --> 00:10:14,060 emitted from the volcano and he was 242 00:10:17,650 --> 00:10:15,620 measuring how much the volcano was 243 00:10:19,990 --> 00:10:17,660 bulging and these observations were 244 00:10:23,410 --> 00:10:20,000 critical in us understanding the 245 00:10:26,050 --> 00:10:23,420 activity of the volcano and for having 246 00:10:29,110 --> 00:10:26,060 an area around the volcano that was 247 00:10:32,290 --> 00:10:29,120 evacuated we knew it was very active and 248 00:10:35,260 --> 00:10:32,300 so we kept people away but he was there 249 00:10:37,390 --> 00:10:35,270 and he was there the day that the 250 00:10:40,450 --> 00:10:37,400 eruption happened and because the 251 00:10:42,250 --> 00:10:40,460 eruption went to this side as much as it 252 00:10:44,110 --> 00:10:42,260 went up they thought it was going to go 253 00:10:44,670 --> 00:10:44,120 straight up but because he went to the 254 00:10:47,129 --> 00:10:44,680 side 255 00:10:49,829 --> 00:10:47,139 in addition to up and it went straight 256 00:10:52,769 --> 00:10:49,839 at the ridge where David Johnson was 257 00:10:56,400 --> 00:10:52,779 sitting and observing the volcano he was 258 00:10:57,960 --> 00:10:56,410 killed in this eruption so if we have 259 00:11:00,359 --> 00:10:57,970 the ability to make these types of 260 00:11:02,970 --> 00:11:00,369 observations from space then that helps 261 00:11:05,249 --> 00:11:02,980 keep researchers out of harm's way 262 00:11:09,059 --> 00:11:05,259 and helps us make these types of data 263 00:11:15,569 --> 00:11:09,069 collections out out of the way of where 264 00:11:17,970 --> 00:11:15,579 the researchers are in danger so I'm 265 00:11:19,889 --> 00:11:17,980 going to talk about a particular type of 266 00:11:22,679 --> 00:11:19,899 observation that we're making from a 267 00:11:25,290 --> 00:11:22,689 space that we have been the focus of my 268 00:11:29,129 --> 00:11:25,300 research and many researchers here at 269 00:11:32,069 --> 00:11:29,139 JPL so the term is geodetic imaging 270 00:11:34,049 --> 00:11:32,079 which is really a fancy term for how we 271 00:11:36,509 --> 00:11:34,059 measure how the surface of the earth 272 00:11:38,519 --> 00:11:36,519 moves and I'm going to talk about two 273 00:11:40,619 --> 00:11:38,529 ways that we make those measurements I'm 274 00:11:42,449 --> 00:11:40,629 going to talk about how we use radar to 275 00:11:44,759 --> 00:11:42,459 make those types of measurements and how 276 00:11:46,650 --> 00:11:44,769 we use the global positioning system to 277 00:11:48,989 --> 00:11:46,660 make those type of measurements the 278 00:11:52,350 --> 00:11:48,999 radar image here on the right is showing 279 00:11:55,410 --> 00:11:52,360 how much the earth moved in response to 280 00:11:56,879 --> 00:11:55,420 the earthquake in Nepal in 2015 and I'll 281 00:11:59,939 --> 00:11:56,889 talk more about that later in the talk 282 00:12:02,160 --> 00:11:59,949 and then the image on the image on the 283 00:12:04,739 --> 00:12:02,170 right is showing how much the earth 284 00:12:08,309 --> 00:12:04,749 moved in response to the Tohoku 285 00:12:11,040 --> 00:12:08,319 earthquake in 2011 in Japan and the 286 00:12:13,350 --> 00:12:11,050 arrows that you see the red arrows show 287 00:12:15,809 --> 00:12:13,360 the motion of the earth in response to 288 00:12:17,699 --> 00:12:15,819 the magnitude 9 earthquake so the arrow 289 00:12:20,429 --> 00:12:17,709 shows the direction and the magnitude 290 00:12:22,710 --> 00:12:20,439 the most the the stations that move the 291 00:12:25,889 --> 00:12:22,720 farthest in response to the earthquake 292 00:12:28,530 --> 00:12:25,899 moved about 5 meters the blue arrows 293 00:12:30,900 --> 00:12:28,540 show the motion caused by an aftershock 294 00:12:33,600 --> 00:12:30,910 about a half an hour after the magnitude 295 00:12:36,869 --> 00:12:33,610 9 there was magnitude seven point nine 296 00:12:38,100 --> 00:12:36,879 aftershock and you can see how even 297 00:12:40,739 --> 00:12:38,110 though we've made the blue arrow of 298 00:12:42,179 --> 00:12:40,749 scale a little bit bigger you can see 299 00:12:43,799 --> 00:12:42,189 how much smaller those errors are 300 00:12:47,129 --> 00:12:43,809 compared to the movement caused by the 301 00:12:49,799 --> 00:12:47,139 magnitude 9 so I'm going to talk first 302 00:12:52,319 --> 00:12:49,809 about GPS and just want to say that the 303 00:12:55,010 --> 00:12:52,329 GPS satellites that we use they're the 304 00:12:57,440 --> 00:12:55,020 same GPS satellites that you 305 00:12:59,740 --> 00:12:57,450 to make your you know to do your mapping 306 00:13:02,270 --> 00:12:59,750 and to get your position on your phone 307 00:13:04,570 --> 00:13:02,280 it's a constellation of satellites 308 00:13:07,610 --> 00:13:04,580 operated by the Department of Defense 309 00:13:11,270 --> 00:13:07,620 but we use this data in a different way 310 00:13:12,560 --> 00:13:11,280 then your phone uses the data and I'm 311 00:13:14,270 --> 00:13:12,570 not going to go into a lot of detail 312 00:13:16,940 --> 00:13:14,280 about how we get the precise 313 00:13:19,670 --> 00:13:16,950 measurements but I just mentioned a few 314 00:13:23,000 --> 00:13:19,680 things that we do differently primarily 315 00:13:25,490 --> 00:13:23,010 we're using multiple stations and we're 316 00:13:28,070 --> 00:13:25,500 getting a relative measurement between 317 00:13:30,200 --> 00:13:28,080 two GPS stations on the ground and that 318 00:13:32,900 --> 00:13:30,210 allows us to cancel out a lot of the 319 00:13:35,860 --> 00:13:32,910 errors that cause the imprecise 320 00:13:38,840 --> 00:13:35,870 measurements that you get on your phone 321 00:13:40,820 --> 00:13:38,850 another thing that we're doing so we're 322 00:13:42,590 --> 00:13:40,830 using an antenna this is actually an 323 00:13:44,600 --> 00:13:42,600 antenna right here a GPS antenna right 324 00:13:46,310 --> 00:13:44,610 there that's a little bit bigger than 325 00:13:49,520 --> 00:13:46,320 the antenna you have in your phone and 326 00:13:51,890 --> 00:13:49,530 we're tracking the carrier phase that 327 00:13:55,460 --> 00:13:51,900 the GPS satellite broadcasts that's a 328 00:13:56,870 --> 00:13:55,470 smaller wavelength signal and so that 329 00:13:59,690 --> 00:13:56,880 allows us to get a more precise 330 00:14:02,510 --> 00:13:59,700 measurement we also do a lot of 331 00:14:04,810 --> 00:14:02,520 processing and have a lot of models for 332 00:14:07,580 --> 00:14:04,820 how the GPS signal is propagating and 333 00:14:09,260 --> 00:14:07,590 combining all those techniques we 334 00:14:11,960 --> 00:14:09,270 actually measure how much the earth 335 00:14:15,140 --> 00:14:11,970 moves to a precision of about one to two 336 00:14:17,900 --> 00:14:15,150 millimeters in the horizontal and about 337 00:14:19,960 --> 00:14:17,910 five millimeters in the vertical so 338 00:14:22,220 --> 00:14:19,970 that's about the size of a grain of rice 339 00:14:25,250 --> 00:14:22,230 so that's a lot better than you get on 340 00:14:30,050 --> 00:14:25,260 your phone but it takes a lot of effort 341 00:14:33,530 --> 00:14:30,060 to get that so this is an example of a 342 00:14:37,730 --> 00:14:33,540 GPS receiver in the field so this this 343 00:14:40,850 --> 00:14:37,740 is me many years ago so I started out my 344 00:14:44,450 --> 00:14:40,860 research doing five GPS measurements on 345 00:14:46,700 --> 00:14:44,460 Kilauea volcano in Hawaii many of you 346 00:14:48,380 --> 00:14:46,710 have probably been to Hawaii many of you 347 00:14:52,130 --> 00:14:48,390 probably heard that Kilauea has gotten 348 00:14:54,740 --> 00:14:52,140 very active recently so back in the 90s 349 00:14:56,240 --> 00:14:54,750 there was a ongoing eruption but it 350 00:14:58,580 --> 00:14:56,250 wasn't quite as dramatic as what's been 351 00:15:00,560 --> 00:14:58,590 happening over the summer and so we 352 00:15:05,720 --> 00:15:00,570 would go out and set up these GPS 353 00:15:07,710 --> 00:15:05,730 antennas that's the flat flat thing 354 00:15:09,900 --> 00:15:07,720 right there 355 00:15:12,119 --> 00:15:09,910 and then sits sitting on a tripod and 356 00:15:14,160 --> 00:15:12,129 it's centered over a benchmark on the 357 00:15:16,050 --> 00:15:14,170 ground which is how we know where to go 358 00:15:17,999 --> 00:15:16,060 back to the same spot to make our 359 00:15:19,860 --> 00:15:18,009 measurements and it's connected to a 360 00:15:22,850 --> 00:15:19,870 receiver and that's collecting the GPS 361 00:15:24,990 --> 00:15:22,860 signals and then that's my first selfie 362 00:15:26,519 --> 00:15:25,000 taken while I was probably waiting for a 363 00:15:31,710 --> 00:15:26,529 helicopter to pick me up because I've 364 00:15:33,689 --> 00:15:31,720 got the flight suit on that's the old 365 00:15:36,660 --> 00:15:33,699 way of collecting GPS data and people 366 00:15:38,970 --> 00:15:36,670 still go out and set up GPS antennas on 367 00:15:41,309 --> 00:15:38,980 tripods but it's gotten very rare 368 00:15:44,119 --> 00:15:41,319 because for the most part we use data 369 00:15:46,920 --> 00:15:44,129 collected from continuous GPS stations 370 00:15:49,230 --> 00:15:46,930 so this is a permanent GPS station where 371 00:15:52,170 --> 00:15:49,240 we replace the tripod with a permanent 372 00:15:54,840 --> 00:15:52,180 post that's put into the ground about as 373 00:15:56,639 --> 00:15:54,850 deep as you can afford you know the 374 00:15:58,199 --> 00:15:56,649 bigger the drilling equipment the deeper 375 00:16:00,689 --> 00:15:58,209 you can go and the more stable it's 376 00:16:03,150 --> 00:16:00,699 going to be and then you screw the 377 00:16:05,819 --> 00:16:03,160 antenna up there you hook it up to a 378 00:16:08,100 --> 00:16:05,829 receiver two solar panels two till up to 379 00:16:11,699 --> 00:16:08,110 some telemetry and then the GPS data 380 00:16:14,040 --> 00:16:11,709 just comes to you so this has been very 381 00:16:17,009 --> 00:16:14,050 useful for monitoring volcanoes there's 382 00:16:20,759 --> 00:16:17,019 continuous GPS stations all over Kilauea 383 00:16:25,139 --> 00:16:20,769 Volcano they lost one in the recent 384 00:16:28,590 --> 00:16:25,149 event so this GPS station end pit which 385 00:16:30,900 --> 00:16:28,600 was within the summit caldera so it was 386 00:16:33,749 --> 00:16:30,910 used to monitor how the summit was going 387 00:16:36,499 --> 00:16:33,759 down now the volcanoes erupting on the 388 00:16:40,049 --> 00:16:36,509 side of the volcano and the summit is 389 00:16:41,910 --> 00:16:40,059 losing magma and it's in the summit 390 00:16:44,400 --> 00:16:41,920 magma chamber and as that summit magma 391 00:16:45,720 --> 00:16:44,410 chamber is deflating the summit the 392 00:16:48,030 --> 00:16:45,730 ground the surface of the ground is 393 00:16:50,879 --> 00:16:48,040 being pulled down so that's causing this 394 00:16:53,400 --> 00:16:50,889 subsidence this down downward motion 395 00:16:56,759 --> 00:16:53,410 that we're seeing in this plot and it's 396 00:16:58,410 --> 00:16:56,769 been a really dramatic downward motion 397 00:17:02,189 --> 00:16:58,420 or subsidence being caused by this 398 00:17:04,049 --> 00:17:02,199 current eruption the ground floor of the 399 00:17:07,079 --> 00:17:04,059 summit caldera is basically collapsing 400 00:17:10,199 --> 00:17:07,089 and as it's collapsing it it ate the 401 00:17:11,669 --> 00:17:10,209 usgs GPS receivers but that also makes 402 00:17:13,470 --> 00:17:11,679 the point that you really don't want 403 00:17:15,120 --> 00:17:13,480 people going out and making these 404 00:17:17,720 --> 00:17:15,130 measurements and that's the way we used 405 00:17:20,350 --> 00:17:17,730 to monitor subsidence a long time ago 406 00:17:22,840 --> 00:17:20,360 within within Kilauea Volcano 407 00:17:27,220 --> 00:17:22,850 so it's it's better that we have these 408 00:17:30,160 --> 00:17:27,230 remotely kilometer observations so this 409 00:17:32,770 --> 00:17:30,170 is an image that shows the extent of the 410 00:17:35,080 --> 00:17:32,780 continuous GPS networks around the globe 411 00:17:37,780 --> 00:17:35,090 these actually are all the continuous 412 00:17:41,110 --> 00:17:37,790 GPS network GPS stations each little red 413 00:17:42,460 --> 00:17:41,120 dot is a continuous GPS station but 414 00:17:45,070 --> 00:17:42,470 these are all the ones that GPL is 415 00:17:47,260 --> 00:17:45,080 currently downloading and processing and 416 00:17:50,110 --> 00:17:47,270 you'll see that there is a lot of GPS 417 00:17:52,000 --> 00:17:50,120 stations in North America as well as in 418 00:17:54,520 --> 00:17:52,010 Japan Japan was one of the first 419 00:17:57,610 --> 00:17:54,530 countries to install a lot of continuous 420 00:18:00,909 --> 00:17:57,620 GPS stations they had 1,200 GPS stations 421 00:18:01,600 --> 00:18:00,919 installed in the 1990s and so they were 422 00:18:03,580 --> 00:18:01,610 there 423 00:18:08,680 --> 00:18:03,590 at the time of the Tohoku earthquake in 424 00:18:10,740 --> 00:18:08,690 2011 in order to monitor an image how 425 00:18:14,140 --> 00:18:10,750 much the earth moved in that earthquake 426 00:18:17,230 --> 00:18:14,150 so this movie is going to show you the 427 00:18:19,180 --> 00:18:17,240 motion of all the GPS stations and here 428 00:18:23,020 --> 00:18:19,190 we're getting a position every second 429 00:18:25,600 --> 00:18:23,030 and the figure on the left is showing 430 00:18:27,730 --> 00:18:25,610 you the horizontal motion so the colors 431 00:18:30,159 --> 00:18:27,740 show you the total displacement in the 432 00:18:31,480 --> 00:18:30,169 horizontal direction and here the little 433 00:18:34,270 --> 00:18:31,490 arrows are just showing you the 434 00:18:36,490 --> 00:18:34,280 directions they don't grow with with 435 00:18:38,080 --> 00:18:36,500 amplitude as they did in that first 436 00:18:39,730 --> 00:18:38,090 figure that I showed you that's being 437 00:18:42,100 --> 00:18:39,740 shown the amplitude is being shown by 438 00:18:45,460 --> 00:18:42,110 the colors and then on the left you see 439 00:18:48,010 --> 00:18:45,470 the vertical and this is going to loop 440 00:18:50,680 --> 00:18:48,020 through again but on the bottom you can 441 00:18:52,870 --> 00:18:50,690 see second since main shock so the 442 00:18:55,030 --> 00:18:52,880 earthquake starts at that little beach 443 00:18:57,070 --> 00:18:55,040 ball and then you can see the 444 00:18:58,510 --> 00:18:57,080 displacement propagating outwards and 445 00:19:01,120 --> 00:18:58,520 you can see the total displacement 446 00:19:03,760 --> 00:19:01,130 propagating outwards and reaching its 447 00:19:06,310 --> 00:19:03,770 peak within about three three and a half 448 00:19:07,930 --> 00:19:06,320 minutes from the start of the earthquake 449 00:19:10,600 --> 00:19:07,940 and then you can actually see some of 450 00:19:12,700 --> 00:19:10,610 the seismic waves so it's really it's a 451 00:19:14,680 --> 00:19:12,710 really impressive picture of the 452 00:19:17,320 --> 00:19:14,690 earthquake that we were able to see from 453 00:19:18,640 --> 00:19:17,330 these continuous GPS stations and the 454 00:19:20,470 --> 00:19:18,650 scientists were really interested in 455 00:19:22,240 --> 00:19:20,480 this but okay I said this was going to 456 00:19:24,430 --> 00:19:22,250 be talking about disasters how is this 457 00:19:26,919 --> 00:19:24,440 important for us understanding the 458 00:19:32,590 --> 00:19:26,929 disaster and helping to improve our 459 00:19:35,800 --> 00:19:32,600 disaster response well that goes back to 460 00:19:38,650 --> 00:19:35,810 how we guesstimate the magnitude of an 461 00:19:42,100 --> 00:19:38,660 earthquake so in most taught most 462 00:19:44,410 --> 00:19:42,110 networks use seismic data to estimate 463 00:19:46,240 --> 00:19:44,420 the magnitude of an earthquake and we've 464 00:19:47,920 --> 00:19:46,250 gotten really good at estimating the 465 00:19:49,830 --> 00:19:47,930 magnitude of an earthquake really 466 00:19:52,300 --> 00:19:49,840 quickly and this is the premise behind 467 00:19:54,130 --> 00:19:52,310 earthquake early warning we can get the 468 00:19:58,090 --> 00:19:54,140 magnitude of an earthquake within 469 00:20:00,670 --> 00:19:58,100 seconds unless the earthquake is above a 470 00:20:02,980 --> 00:20:00,680 magnitude seven if it's above a 471 00:20:04,870 --> 00:20:02,990 magnitude seven our ability to see the 472 00:20:08,920 --> 00:20:04,880 magnitude of the earthquake saturates 473 00:20:11,050 --> 00:20:08,930 and it's you can't use seismic data 474 00:20:13,240 --> 00:20:11,060 alone to get the true magnitude of the 475 00:20:15,490 --> 00:20:13,250 earthquake if you want to get it within 476 00:20:19,560 --> 00:20:15,500 at just a few minutes so this is an 477 00:20:22,540 --> 00:20:19,570 example of a USGS map that was generated 478 00:20:24,310 --> 00:20:22,550 from the Tohoku earthquake and so 479 00:20:27,010 --> 00:20:24,320 twenty-one minutes after the earthquake 480 00:20:30,430 --> 00:20:27,020 it estimated to Hoku had a magnitude 481 00:20:33,250 --> 00:20:30,440 seven point nine as more seismic waves 482 00:20:35,230 --> 00:20:33,260 came in and more analysis was done forty 483 00:20:37,840 --> 00:20:35,240 minutes later it was estimated to be a 484 00:20:40,060 --> 00:20:37,850 magnitude eight point eight you can see 485 00:20:42,270 --> 00:20:40,070 when you compare these two maps that are 486 00:20:46,420 --> 00:20:42,280 showing the strength of the shaking 487 00:20:48,490 --> 00:20:46,430 predicted from this earthquake so strong 488 00:20:51,370 --> 00:20:48,500 and very strong is this yellow and 489 00:20:52,930 --> 00:20:51,380 orange you can see it's much greater for 490 00:20:55,600 --> 00:20:52,940 a magnitude eight point eight a much 491 00:20:58,870 --> 00:20:55,610 larger area than for a magnitude seven 492 00:21:00,730 --> 00:20:58,880 point nine and the tsunami predicted by 493 00:21:02,440 --> 00:21:00,740 a magnitude seven point nine or 494 00:21:03,070 --> 00:21:02,450 magnitude seven is going to be much 495 00:21:05,230 --> 00:21:03,080 smaller 496 00:21:06,970 --> 00:21:05,240 the initial warning that went out to 497 00:21:09,190 --> 00:21:06,980 Japan they have a great earthquake early 498 00:21:11,050 --> 00:21:09,200 warning system and a great tsunami 499 00:21:13,750 --> 00:21:11,060 warning systems but because they thought 500 00:21:15,160 --> 00:21:13,760 it was closer to a magnitude seven the 501 00:21:17,800 --> 00:21:15,170 initial warning said that it was going 502 00:21:21,790 --> 00:21:17,810 to be a three meter tsunami it was a ten 503 00:21:23,560 --> 00:21:21,800 meter tsunami and 20,000 people died so 504 00:21:27,400 --> 00:21:23,570 there's been a lot of interest in 505 00:21:30,010 --> 00:21:27,410 figuring out how to get a better rapid 506 00:21:33,490 --> 00:21:30,020 magnitude estimate and that's where the 507 00:21:35,680 --> 00:21:33,500 GPS comes in so Japan has real-time GPS 508 00:21:38,530 --> 00:21:35,690 capability and they've been linking 509 00:21:40,930 --> 00:21:38,540 their GPS stations into their earthquake 510 00:21:43,120 --> 00:21:40,940 early warning and tsunami warning system 511 00:21:44,000 --> 00:21:43,130 and a lot of the tsunami warning systems 512 00:21:47,960 --> 00:21:44,010 around the globe 513 00:21:49,940 --> 00:21:47,970 are using GPS now because you can see on 514 00:21:52,370 --> 00:21:49,950 the bottom second since main shock so 515 00:21:54,380 --> 00:21:52,380 about three and a half minutes in you 516 00:21:57,200 --> 00:21:54,390 could see the size of the earthquake 517 00:21:59,480 --> 00:21:57,210 from GPS so if you combine the GPS data 518 00:22:01,730 --> 00:21:59,490 with a seismic data you can get that it 519 00:22:06,410 --> 00:22:01,740 was a magnitude nine within enough time 520 00:22:10,160 --> 00:22:06,420 to give an accurate tsunami warning and 521 00:22:13,760 --> 00:22:10,170 then this figure just shows the extent 522 00:22:15,710 --> 00:22:13,770 of the real-time GPS in in western US so 523 00:22:18,320 --> 00:22:15,720 the and I want to make the point that 524 00:22:20,390 --> 00:22:18,330 real-time GPS is being incorporated into 525 00:22:23,360 --> 00:22:20,400 the earthquake early warning system 526 00:22:27,500 --> 00:22:23,370 that's being built for California and 527 00:22:32,690 --> 00:22:27,510 Washington and Oregon so I'm going to 528 00:22:35,390 --> 00:22:32,700 switch gears now and talk about radar so 529 00:22:37,700 --> 00:22:35,400 radar in a radar satellite radar imaging 530 00:22:39,920 --> 00:22:37,710 satellite it's transmitting radar down 531 00:22:42,350 --> 00:22:39,930 to the ground and then receiving the 532 00:22:44,120 --> 00:22:42,360 reflected signal and it's called 533 00:22:46,610 --> 00:22:44,130 synthetic aperture radar because it's 534 00:22:49,940 --> 00:22:46,620 using the motion of the satellite to 535 00:22:52,550 --> 00:22:49,950 effectively receive data over a larger 536 00:22:55,040 --> 00:22:52,560 area so it that forms what's called a 537 00:22:57,740 --> 00:22:55,050 synthetic aperture so it's as if the 538 00:22:59,180 --> 00:22:57,750 reflecting dish was larger than or the 539 00:23:02,000 --> 00:22:59,190 receiving dish was larger than it 540 00:23:05,180 --> 00:23:02,010 actually is and so that allows us to get 541 00:23:06,260 --> 00:23:05,190 higher resolution on the ground the 542 00:23:09,140 --> 00:23:06,270 other thing I want to point out about 543 00:23:11,990 --> 00:23:09,150 radar in this slide is that it can see 544 00:23:14,180 --> 00:23:12,000 what another good property of radar is 545 00:23:17,120 --> 00:23:14,190 it can see through clouds there's a lot 546 00:23:19,610 --> 00:23:17,130 of damage imaging and disaster response 547 00:23:21,500 --> 00:23:19,620 that's done with optical satellites 548 00:23:25,280 --> 00:23:21,510 that's basically a digital camera in the 549 00:23:28,070 --> 00:23:25,290 sky but if the area is cloudy which it 550 00:23:30,140 --> 00:23:28,080 often is around hurricanes then it's 551 00:23:33,470 --> 00:23:30,150 very hard to see below the clouds and so 552 00:23:37,370 --> 00:23:33,480 radar is uniquely able to image the 553 00:23:39,740 --> 00:23:37,380 ground through the clouds so how do we 554 00:23:41,890 --> 00:23:39,750 use the radar to map the surface motion 555 00:23:44,330 --> 00:23:41,900 so the technique is called 556 00:23:47,210 --> 00:23:44,340 interferometric synthetic aperture radar 557 00:23:51,200 --> 00:23:47,220 in SAR and i'm just going to go over at 558 00:23:53,480 --> 00:23:51,210 a high level how this works and so a 559 00:23:56,090 --> 00:23:53,490 really simple way of thinking about in 560 00:23:57,409 --> 00:23:56,100 SAR is to think about the rate 561 00:24:00,680 --> 00:23:57,419 satellite being kind of like a giant 562 00:24:04,130 --> 00:24:00,690 speed gun in the sky measuring how fast 563 00:24:06,289 --> 00:24:04,140 the earth is moving it works a little 564 00:24:08,840 --> 00:24:06,299 differently in reality than a speed gun 565 00:24:11,600 --> 00:24:08,850 and so we're not just pointing it at the 566 00:24:13,640 --> 00:24:11,610 earth and holding it in one position so 567 00:24:19,700 --> 00:24:13,650 the satellites orbiting around the earth 568 00:24:22,250 --> 00:24:19,710 so we have a first image here it's taken 569 00:24:25,220 --> 00:24:22,260 by the satellite and then it goes around 570 00:24:28,370 --> 00:24:25,230 comes back several days later then we 571 00:24:31,100 --> 00:24:28,380 take a second image and we compare the 572 00:24:33,529 --> 00:24:31,110 images the waves received from those two 573 00:24:36,680 --> 00:24:33,539 images we interfere them to form what's 574 00:24:39,409 --> 00:24:36,690 called an interference and that's this 575 00:24:41,539 --> 00:24:39,419 colorful map down here and that's 576 00:24:44,419 --> 00:24:41,549 measuring how much the surface moved 577 00:24:46,730 --> 00:24:44,429 between the first image and the second 578 00:24:49,430 --> 00:24:46,740 image another thing I want to point out 579 00:24:52,220 --> 00:24:49,440 in this lesson about InSAR before I go 580 00:24:54,220 --> 00:24:52,230 on is that the measurement that we're 581 00:24:56,960 --> 00:24:54,230 making is really just the motion 582 00:24:58,970 --> 00:24:56,970 relative to the satellite so we're 583 00:25:00,830 --> 00:24:58,980 getting a continuous map of the 584 00:25:04,070 --> 00:25:00,840 deformation but we're only getting it in 585 00:25:10,610 --> 00:25:04,080 one direction there will be a test on 586 00:25:14,270 --> 00:25:10,620 this at the end let's see so here is an 587 00:25:17,060 --> 00:25:14,280 example of an interfere gram from an 588 00:25:20,870 --> 00:25:17,070 earthquake so is that magnitude 6.6 589 00:25:23,840 --> 00:25:20,880 earthquake in Iran near the city of BAM 590 00:25:26,990 --> 00:25:23,850 so we call it the BAM earthquake in 2003 591 00:25:29,870 --> 00:25:27,000 and Eric fielding research scientist 592 00:25:33,200 --> 00:25:29,880 here at JPL generated this interfere 593 00:25:36,529 --> 00:25:33,210 graph so I should explain a little bit 594 00:25:38,270 --> 00:25:36,539 more about what these color bands how 595 00:25:41,539 --> 00:25:38,280 these color glands can be interpreted so 596 00:25:44,899 --> 00:25:41,549 we call them fringes and one fringe or 597 00:25:47,480 --> 00:25:44,909 one cycle is say from one blue band here 598 00:25:50,590 --> 00:25:47,490 to the next blue band there when you go 599 00:25:54,260 --> 00:25:50,600 through one cycle that's equivalent to 600 00:25:57,230 --> 00:25:54,270 28 for this image 28 millimeters of 601 00:26:00,799 --> 00:25:57,240 range change so for each cycle the 602 00:26:02,720 --> 00:26:00,809 ground is moving 28 millimeters another 603 00:26:04,549 --> 00:26:02,730 way it may be an easier way to think 604 00:26:05,090 --> 00:26:04,559 about this is it's kind of like a topo 605 00:26:09,680 --> 00:26:05,100 map 606 00:26:12,590 --> 00:26:09,690 so for each blue like for along a line 607 00:26:14,960 --> 00:26:12,600 of say blue here the earth is moving a 608 00:26:17,090 --> 00:26:14,970 constant amount relative to some 609 00:26:19,549 --> 00:26:17,100 reference point in this image the same 610 00:26:22,249 --> 00:26:19,559 way a line on a topo map is a line of 611 00:26:23,930 --> 00:26:22,259 constant height and in the same way in a 612 00:26:25,580 --> 00:26:23,940 topo map when you have lines really 613 00:26:26,600 --> 00:26:25,590 close together that means that the 614 00:26:28,879 --> 00:26:26,610 terrain is steep 615 00:26:30,980 --> 00:26:28,889 when these fringes are really packed 616 00:26:33,860 --> 00:26:30,990 tight close together that means the 617 00:26:35,840 --> 00:26:33,870 ground is moving a lot and so you can 618 00:26:38,509 --> 00:26:35,850 see that the fringes are packed tightly 619 00:26:41,299 --> 00:26:38,519 here close to the fault which is here 620 00:26:43,570 --> 00:26:41,309 and then they get spread out further 621 00:26:45,710 --> 00:26:43,580 away as you move away from the fault and 622 00:26:48,409 --> 00:26:45,720 so that's one way to think about 623 00:26:50,269 --> 00:26:48,419 interpreting these images we like to 624 00:26:52,430 --> 00:26:50,279 show the fringes because it's easier to 625 00:26:55,999 --> 00:26:52,440 see some of the details but it is we 626 00:26:57,289 --> 00:26:56,009 admit a little hard to interpret the 627 00:26:59,389 --> 00:26:57,299 other thing I want to point out with 628 00:27:03,669 --> 00:26:59,399 this image is this was one of the first 629 00:27:06,320 --> 00:27:03,679 images where we were looking at the 630 00:27:09,950 --> 00:27:06,330 image we saw that there are these areas 631 00:27:11,600 --> 00:27:09,960 that were black and the areas that are 632 00:27:14,960 --> 00:27:11,610 black are areas where the ground moved 633 00:27:17,990 --> 00:27:14,970 so much in between the first image and 634 00:27:19,580 --> 00:27:18,000 the second image that you can't form 635 00:27:24,889 --> 00:27:19,590 this interferogram it's called D 636 00:27:27,200 --> 00:27:24,899 correlation and the D correlation in 637 00:27:29,419 --> 00:27:27,210 this earthquake people noticed was 638 00:27:31,730 --> 00:27:29,429 caused by the fact that there's a city 639 00:27:34,519 --> 00:27:31,740 in here and a lot of the buildings 640 00:27:37,700 --> 00:27:34,529 collapsed so it wasn't just D 641 00:27:39,619 --> 00:27:37,710 correlation along the fault where the 642 00:27:43,039 --> 00:27:39,629 ground ruptured it was also a D 643 00:27:45,110 --> 00:27:43,049 correlation in an urban area and so this 644 00:27:47,779 --> 00:27:45,120 gave people the idea that maybe they can 645 00:27:50,930 --> 00:27:47,789 use this type of data to help look at 646 00:27:53,330 --> 00:27:50,940 damage following an earthquake and so 647 00:27:55,730 --> 00:27:53,340 people here at JPL started thinking 648 00:27:57,230 --> 00:27:55,740 about well whether or not you know this 649 00:27:59,509 --> 00:27:57,240 was something that we could do and one 650 00:28:01,100 --> 00:27:59,519 of the things that that we asked 651 00:28:04,460 --> 00:28:01,110 ourselves was well how do we show that 652 00:28:07,009 --> 00:28:04,470 we can do it well talked about that and 653 00:28:10,159 --> 00:28:07,019 we came up with the idea that we should 654 00:28:13,970 --> 00:28:10,169 look to see if we can image a building 655 00:28:17,080 --> 00:28:13,980 that we know has been destroyed and we 656 00:28:19,879 --> 00:28:17,090 knew there was a apartment complex in 657 00:28:23,040 --> 00:28:19,889 Pasadena this is a map of Pasadena that 658 00:28:24,930 --> 00:28:23,050 had been leveled in the recent past 659 00:28:27,630 --> 00:28:24,940 and we knew we could get some radar data 660 00:28:30,570 --> 00:28:27,640 before and after to see if we could map 661 00:28:33,660 --> 00:28:30,580 that damage and so this is the this is a 662 00:28:35,550 --> 00:28:33,670 technique that was developed to map 663 00:28:38,670 --> 00:28:35,560 whether or not buildings had been 664 00:28:41,100 --> 00:28:38,680 changed or destroyed and in this first 665 00:28:43,620 --> 00:28:41,110 map that we generated we decided that 666 00:28:46,200 --> 00:28:43,630 the pixels indicating that the map that 667 00:28:49,830 --> 00:28:46,210 the building had been destroyed should 668 00:28:52,020 --> 00:28:49,840 be red um so red pixels mean that 669 00:28:54,240 --> 00:28:52,030 something bad has happened or or less 670 00:28:57,750 --> 00:28:54,250 and in this image it's always a building 671 00:29:00,510 --> 00:28:57,760 change so we we were able to show that 672 00:29:02,280 --> 00:29:00,520 we could image this this apartment 673 00:29:03,630 --> 00:29:02,290 complex we weren't even sure we could 674 00:29:06,330 --> 00:29:03,640 see something on the scale of a city 675 00:29:07,890 --> 00:29:06,340 block and so we were really happy to see 676 00:29:09,960 --> 00:29:07,900 that the radar could pick up something 677 00:29:13,470 --> 00:29:09,970 on the scale of a city block but then we 678 00:29:15,780 --> 00:29:13,480 looked at these other red dots and we're 679 00:29:18,240 --> 00:29:15,790 wondering why is that noise or is that 680 00:29:20,400 --> 00:29:18,250 other change and sang-ho u n-- who is 681 00:29:22,200 --> 00:29:20,410 the the research scientist at JPL who 682 00:29:24,420 --> 00:29:22,210 developed this map and developed this 683 00:29:26,100 --> 00:29:24,430 technique he went and he looked to see 684 00:29:28,860 --> 00:29:26,110 well what's behind those little red dots 685 00:29:30,780 --> 00:29:28,870 and they found that for all those will 686 00:29:33,780 --> 00:29:30,790 red dots there were actually other types 687 00:29:35,940 --> 00:29:33,790 of change building change that had 688 00:29:38,040 --> 00:29:35,950 actually happened so I think this was 689 00:29:41,880 --> 00:29:38,050 like PCC doing something to their 690 00:29:44,910 --> 00:29:41,890 parking lot or tennis courts and these 691 00:29:47,730 --> 00:29:44,920 other red dots he went to Pasadena City 692 00:29:50,700 --> 00:29:47,740 Hall and you can pull building permits 693 00:29:52,620 --> 00:29:50,710 and he found out that for these other 694 00:29:55,200 --> 00:29:52,630 red dots there's actually construction 695 00:29:58,800 --> 00:29:55,210 that had happened on the houses and so 696 00:30:00,600 --> 00:29:58,810 that got us really you know enthusiastic 697 00:30:03,360 --> 00:30:00,610 about the idea that this technique could 698 00:30:04,950 --> 00:30:03,370 work well in mapping building damage the 699 00:30:08,670 --> 00:30:04,960 fact that we were able to see things on 700 00:30:11,430 --> 00:30:08,680 the residential house scale so the next 701 00:30:14,810 --> 00:30:11,440 step was to then try and apply the 702 00:30:17,670 --> 00:30:14,820 technique to an earthquake so sang-ho 703 00:30:20,130 --> 00:30:17,680 took some data that would image the 704 00:30:23,100 --> 00:30:20,140 damage caused by the Christchurch 705 00:30:25,200 --> 00:30:23,110 earthquake in New Zealand in 2011 this 706 00:30:27,720 --> 00:30:25,210 was well after the earthquake so this 707 00:30:31,890 --> 00:30:27,730 was done sort of in research mode not in 708 00:30:34,550 --> 00:30:31,900 response mode and so again the red dots 709 00:30:36,470 --> 00:30:34,560 here this is his radar based damage map 710 00:30:40,350 --> 00:30:36,480 show where there was 711 00:30:43,139 --> 00:30:40,360 significant change caused by the 712 00:30:44,700 --> 00:30:43,149 earthquake and then we compared it for 713 00:30:48,180 --> 00:30:44,710 ground truth to an engineering 714 00:30:50,519 --> 00:30:48,190 assessment that was collected by people 715 00:30:52,409 --> 00:30:50,529 by geotechnical engineers over the 716 00:30:54,869 --> 00:30:52,419 course of four months and we saw that 717 00:30:57,930 --> 00:30:54,879 there was a lot of correlation between 718 00:30:59,639 --> 00:30:57,940 the red that we saw in the radar and the 719 00:31:03,570 --> 00:30:59,649 zones that were mapped by the 720 00:31:06,090 --> 00:31:03,580 geotechnical engineers so this this was 721 00:31:10,470 --> 00:31:06,100 really promising as well we also looked 722 00:31:12,659 --> 00:31:10,480 at individual buildings and so we knew 723 00:31:15,960 --> 00:31:12,669 the Christchurch Cathedral had lost its 724 00:31:19,169 --> 00:31:15,970 spire that was picked up by the damage 725 00:31:20,399 --> 00:31:19,179 map as well as the CTV building which 726 00:31:23,100 --> 00:31:20,409 was the building where most of the 727 00:31:25,739 --> 00:31:23,110 fatalities happened in this earthquake 728 00:31:27,899 --> 00:31:25,749 and so at the building level we were 729 00:31:30,450 --> 00:31:27,909 able to resolve that that there had been 730 00:31:31,889 --> 00:31:30,460 damage we are also able to see in 731 00:31:33,629 --> 00:31:31,899 looking at this earthquake that some of 732 00:31:36,419 --> 00:31:33,639 the red areas were actually caused by 733 00:31:38,970 --> 00:31:36,429 liquefaction when the ground liquefies 734 00:31:41,940 --> 00:31:38,980 in response to the earthquake as well as 735 00:31:44,310 --> 00:31:41,950 landslides so and unfortunately we can't 736 00:31:45,960 --> 00:31:44,320 really tell from radar whether the red 737 00:31:48,359 --> 00:31:45,970 dots being caused by building damaged 738 00:31:50,279 --> 00:31:48,369 liquefaction or landslides but if you 739 00:31:52,830 --> 00:31:50,289 combine the radar with a map of the 740 00:31:55,320 --> 00:31:52,840 ground where we can see where it's 741 00:31:59,369 --> 00:31:55,330 likely to be a building or landslides or 742 00:32:01,289 --> 00:31:59,379 liquefaction so the first earthquake 743 00:32:03,659 --> 00:32:01,299 where we applied this technique in 744 00:32:08,879 --> 00:32:03,669 response mode was the Nepal earthquake 745 00:32:11,580 --> 00:32:08,889 in 2015 this was a magnitude 7.8 and it 746 00:32:14,460 --> 00:32:11,590 did it was a disaster there were over 747 00:32:18,049 --> 00:32:14,470 8,000 fatalities many people's houses 748 00:32:21,149 --> 00:32:18,059 were destroyed many people were injured 749 00:32:23,909 --> 00:32:21,159 we generated two damaged maps for this 750 00:32:26,940 --> 00:32:23,919 earthquake I using two different radar 751 00:32:29,129 --> 00:32:26,950 sensors so this this particular radar 752 00:32:31,560 --> 00:32:29,139 sensor was was particularly sensitive to 753 00:32:34,049 --> 00:32:31,570 landslides so there was a village that 754 00:32:37,169 --> 00:32:34,059 was destroyed by a massive landslide and 755 00:32:38,639 --> 00:32:37,179 we were able to image that with the with 756 00:32:40,409 --> 00:32:38,649 the radar beam we found out about the 757 00:32:41,970 --> 00:32:40,419 the village being destroyed before we 758 00:32:44,489 --> 00:32:41,980 actually generated that damage map in 759 00:32:47,039 --> 00:32:44,499 this case but this was helpful for 760 00:32:49,160 --> 00:32:47,049 identifying other landslides in the area 761 00:32:51,530 --> 00:32:49,170 there were a lot of mountain landslides 762 00:32:53,860 --> 00:32:51,540 triggered by this earthquake and then we 763 00:32:56,840 --> 00:32:53,870 used a different sensor to image the 764 00:32:59,330 --> 00:32:56,850 building damage in Katmandu and the 765 00:33:02,090 --> 00:32:59,340 surrounding villages and this damage map 766 00:33:04,370 --> 00:33:02,100 was used to help with search-and-rescue 767 00:33:08,180 --> 00:33:04,380 efforts to localize search-and-rescue 768 00:33:10,280 --> 00:33:08,190 efforts in response to the earthquake so 769 00:33:14,420 --> 00:33:10,290 this is a list of some of the agencies 770 00:33:17,030 --> 00:33:14,430 that were able to use this damage map in 771 00:33:20,440 --> 00:33:17,040 order to help with their response so it 772 00:33:24,610 --> 00:33:20,450 varies from people who are using it to 773 00:33:29,480 --> 00:33:24,620 inform ground response so USAID and the 774 00:33:32,980 --> 00:33:29,490 NGA we're able to use it to guide where 775 00:33:35,450 --> 00:33:32,990 to where to send search-and-rescue teams 776 00:33:38,390 --> 00:33:35,460 other people were able to use it to 777 00:33:40,730 --> 00:33:38,400 guide where they would collect more 778 00:33:43,070 --> 00:33:40,740 high-resolution imagery so DigitalGlobe 779 00:33:45,320 --> 00:33:43,080 a company that does a lot of optical 780 00:33:48,680 --> 00:33:45,330 imagery more digital cameras in space 781 00:33:50,060 --> 00:33:48,690 and so that's also again very useful for 782 00:33:52,190 --> 00:33:50,070 damage response but it's a small 783 00:33:54,920 --> 00:33:52,200 footprint they're only able to collect 784 00:33:56,570 --> 00:33:54,930 those images over a small area the one 785 00:33:58,580 --> 00:33:56,580 of the nice things about radar is it can 786 00:34:02,180 --> 00:33:58,590 image a very large area and it can 787 00:34:04,220 --> 00:34:02,190 highlight where the damage is most 788 00:34:06,230 --> 00:34:04,230 likely to happen and then you can focus 789 00:34:10,280 --> 00:34:06,240 your high-resolution imagery in those 790 00:34:13,100 --> 00:34:10,290 areas we also generated the surface 791 00:34:15,530 --> 00:34:13,110 deformation map and this time thankfully 792 00:34:18,890 --> 00:34:15,540 we generated a map that doesn't have the 793 00:34:21,290 --> 00:34:18,900 colorful fringes so you can see the 794 00:34:23,890 --> 00:34:21,300 surface deformation we overlaid the GPS 795 00:34:26,870 --> 00:34:23,900 vectors that were off that we also 796 00:34:29,659 --> 00:34:26,880 generated for this earthquake so you can 797 00:34:32,180 --> 00:34:29,669 see there was a lot of uplift as well as 798 00:34:34,700 --> 00:34:32,190 horizontal displacement why is this 799 00:34:37,460 --> 00:34:34,710 important one of the things that were 800 00:34:39,620 --> 00:34:37,470 this is important is because it helps 801 00:34:40,040 --> 00:34:39,630 define the area that ruptured in the 802 00:34:42,770 --> 00:34:40,050 earthquake 803 00:34:44,540 --> 00:34:42,780 you see here this this green star is 804 00:34:46,640 --> 00:34:44,550 where the earthquake happened the 805 00:34:49,040 --> 00:34:46,650 earthquake propagated to the web to the 806 00:34:51,290 --> 00:34:49,050 east and so it wasn't centered around 807 00:34:53,470 --> 00:34:51,300 the epicenter so by making these surface 808 00:34:56,360 --> 00:34:53,480 deformation measurements we can confirm 809 00:34:58,520 --> 00:34:56,370 where the surface rubber where the fault 810 00:35:00,560 --> 00:34:58,530 ruptured and where the shaking is most 811 00:35:02,600 --> 00:35:00,570 likely to be great the greatest caused 812 00:35:05,450 --> 00:35:02,610 by the earthquake 813 00:35:08,270 --> 00:35:05,460 is also important for future earthquake 814 00:35:12,590 --> 00:35:08,280 hazards so this earthquake ruptured 815 00:35:13,910 --> 00:35:12,600 along a long fault zone so it would be 816 00:35:15,380 --> 00:35:13,920 like one section of the San Andreas 817 00:35:17,660 --> 00:35:15,390 Fault rupturing it's not going to 818 00:35:21,740 --> 00:35:17,670 rupture the whole San Andreas the same 819 00:35:25,460 --> 00:35:21,750 is true in Nepal and so these areas 820 00:35:27,500 --> 00:35:25,470 adjacent to where this magnitude 7.8 821 00:35:30,440 --> 00:35:27,510 earthquake happened are now loaded and 822 00:35:33,770 --> 00:35:30,450 primed for a future earthquake so this 823 00:35:36,050 --> 00:35:33,780 type of information helps us with our 824 00:35:38,450 --> 00:35:36,060 future forecasts for earthquakes 825 00:35:40,520 --> 00:35:38,460 it also helps us image where the fault 826 00:35:42,080 --> 00:35:40,530 rupture happened or didn't happen in 827 00:35:45,530 --> 00:35:42,090 this case the fault didn't reach the 828 00:35:47,090 --> 00:35:45,540 surface this figure over here is 829 00:35:49,460 --> 00:35:47,100 actually a surface rupture that was 830 00:35:52,460 --> 00:35:49,470 caused by shaking localized liquefaction 831 00:35:55,130 --> 00:35:52,470 but the fault rupture would have come up 832 00:35:57,500 --> 00:35:55,140 in this region over here farther from 833 00:35:59,090 --> 00:35:57,510 Katmandu and there was no surface break 834 00:36:00,890 --> 00:35:59,100 caused by the earthquake and that's 835 00:36:03,980 --> 00:36:00,900 something that's easy to image with 836 00:36:05,390 --> 00:36:03,990 radar from space but harder to do on the 837 00:36:08,750 --> 00:36:05,400 ground when you have such a large 838 00:36:10,970 --> 00:36:08,760 earthquake and even when you don't have 839 00:36:13,400 --> 00:36:10,980 such a large earthquake it can sometimes 840 00:36:16,190 --> 00:36:13,410 be easier to use space-based techniques 841 00:36:17,930 --> 00:36:16,200 to find these cracks than it is from 842 00:36:20,450 --> 00:36:17,940 geologists on the ground or the to work 843 00:36:22,820 --> 00:36:20,460 together so this is now going back to 844 00:36:27,080 --> 00:36:22,830 California back in time a little bit 845 00:36:28,580 --> 00:36:27,090 there was the Napa earthquake in 2014 846 00:36:31,010 --> 00:36:28,590 forwards a lot of building damage caused 847 00:36:33,380 --> 00:36:31,020 by this earthquake but we we formed an 848 00:36:36,260 --> 00:36:33,390 interferogram and we were able to look 849 00:36:39,950 --> 00:36:36,270 at the changes in the fringes here you 850 00:36:43,340 --> 00:36:39,960 can see this crack this offset in the 851 00:36:44,210 --> 00:36:43,350 fringes in this figure and the 852 00:36:47,090 --> 00:36:44,220 geologists 853 00:36:48,500 --> 00:36:47,100 use this use this map to go out and find 854 00:36:50,060 --> 00:36:48,510 the cracks on the ground and it turned 855 00:36:52,130 --> 00:36:50,070 out one of the cracks went right through 856 00:36:54,950 --> 00:36:52,140 the Napa Airport and they were able to 857 00:36:58,070 --> 00:36:54,960 inform the airport that their that their 858 00:37:00,440 --> 00:36:58,080 runway had a big crack in it and this 859 00:37:02,630 --> 00:37:00,450 might not have prevented planes from 860 00:37:05,600 --> 00:37:02,640 landing but it's this this type of thing 861 00:37:08,030 --> 00:37:05,610 is important for understanding where the 862 00:37:10,130 --> 00:37:08,040 ground is being strained especially 863 00:37:13,130 --> 00:37:10,140 where you have like buried gas pipelines 864 00:37:15,770 --> 00:37:13,140 and and buried infrastructure so these 865 00:37:17,660 --> 00:37:15,780 types of Maps can help us identify 866 00:37:20,030 --> 00:37:17,670 small shifts in the ground that could 867 00:37:23,920 --> 00:37:20,040 affect not only things like airport 868 00:37:27,710 --> 00:37:23,930 runways but also buried infrastructure 869 00:37:31,520 --> 00:37:27,720 so last year we generated several damage 870 00:37:33,560 --> 00:37:31,530 maps for the Mexico earthquakes there 871 00:37:36,800 --> 00:37:33,570 were two earthquakes in the course of 872 00:37:38,630 --> 00:37:36,810 about a month and in this slide I kind 873 00:37:40,640 --> 00:37:38,640 of want to talk about the timeline I 874 00:37:43,370 --> 00:37:40,650 haven't really talked too much about how 875 00:37:45,890 --> 00:37:43,380 long it takes us to get these images 876 00:37:48,589 --> 00:37:45,900 into the hands of the responders because 877 00:37:50,410 --> 00:37:48,599 obviously quicker is better well one of 878 00:37:53,359 --> 00:37:50,420 the limiting factors and our ability to 879 00:37:55,580 --> 00:37:53,369 get this data to responders is the fact 880 00:37:57,170 --> 00:37:55,590 that we have to wait for a satellite to 881 00:38:00,440 --> 00:37:57,180 come over the area that's been affected 882 00:38:03,349 --> 00:38:00,450 and so this timeline shows you the time 883 00:38:06,560 --> 00:38:03,359 of the quake and then there is a once 884 00:38:08,930 --> 00:38:06,570 our satellite a low Stu flew over two 885 00:38:12,320 --> 00:38:08,940 days later and then another one flew 886 00:38:14,870 --> 00:38:12,330 over several days later and then it took 887 00:38:16,730 --> 00:38:14,880 us several days to generate the the 888 00:38:19,339 --> 00:38:16,740 damage map we call those DPMS 889 00:38:23,210 --> 00:38:19,349 but that's the damage map but then for 890 00:38:25,640 --> 00:38:23,220 the for the September 19th magnitude 7.1 891 00:38:29,660 --> 00:38:25,650 earthquake that caused building damage 892 00:38:32,570 --> 00:38:29,670 in Mexico City there we were lucky the 893 00:38:35,270 --> 00:38:32,580 first over flight of a satellite after 894 00:38:36,740 --> 00:38:35,280 the earthquake was within 24 hours we 895 00:38:39,560 --> 00:38:36,750 were able to get the data and generate 896 00:38:41,630 --> 00:38:39,570 the damage proxy map and give it to the 897 00:38:43,820 --> 00:38:41,640 Mexico Mexico is equivalent of FEMA 898 00:38:48,109 --> 00:38:43,830 within 24 hours and they were able to 899 00:38:50,210 --> 00:38:48,119 use it for their disaster response so 900 00:38:52,579 --> 00:38:50,220 this is a this is an example or this is 901 00:38:55,460 --> 00:38:52,589 a close-up and an image of the damage 902 00:38:57,589 --> 00:38:55,470 proxy map that we generated for Mexico 903 00:39:00,410 --> 00:38:57,599 City earthquake and so you can see the 904 00:39:03,650 --> 00:39:00,420 little red dots are where we estimated 905 00:39:06,380 --> 00:39:03,660 there to be building damage so this was 906 00:39:09,829 --> 00:39:06,390 helpful for the Mexicans and Mexican 907 00:39:12,770 --> 00:39:09,839 equivalent of FEMA Sena pred to to find 908 00:39:14,630 --> 00:39:12,780 out where the buildings might be damaged 909 00:39:16,730 --> 00:39:14,640 not only within Mexico City but outside 910 00:39:20,450 --> 00:39:16,740 of Mexico City and helped with their 911 00:39:22,250 --> 00:39:20,460 resource allocation so at the same time 912 00:39:26,690 --> 00:39:22,260 there are a lot of hurricanes happening 913 00:39:29,070 --> 00:39:26,700 in the US and in Puerto Rico so we had 914 00:39:32,070 --> 00:39:29,080 we had a very active September 915 00:39:33,810 --> 00:39:32,080 years so there were flood maps generated 916 00:39:36,090 --> 00:39:33,820 we can actually use the radar to image 917 00:39:38,340 --> 00:39:36,100 floods I'm not going to talk about that 918 00:39:41,190 --> 00:39:38,350 tonight but we generated flood maps for 919 00:39:43,530 --> 00:39:41,200 Hurricane Harvey we generated a damage 920 00:39:45,120 --> 00:39:43,540 map for a hurricane Irma when it hit 921 00:39:47,460 --> 00:39:45,130 Florida because there the wind it was 922 00:39:49,950 --> 00:39:47,470 more wind damaged than water damage and 923 00:39:52,680 --> 00:39:49,960 then we generated a damage map for 924 00:39:55,440 --> 00:39:52,690 Puerto Rico after it was hit by 925 00:39:59,670 --> 00:39:55,450 Hurricane Maria and the Puerto Rican map 926 00:40:02,810 --> 00:39:59,680 was very useful for FEMA they were able 927 00:40:06,330 --> 00:40:02,820 to generate they turned our damage map 928 00:40:08,640 --> 00:40:06,340 into a damage density map that they were 929 00:40:11,520 --> 00:40:08,650 able to use again for planning purposes 930 00:40:14,670 --> 00:40:11,530 to see where the hotspots were where 931 00:40:16,920 --> 00:40:14,680 they needed to send their aid resources 932 00:40:18,900 --> 00:40:16,930 and where they should focus on in terms 933 00:40:23,700 --> 00:40:18,910 of getting more information about 934 00:40:27,020 --> 00:40:23,710 potential possible damage so I'm going 935 00:40:28,770 --> 00:40:27,030 to return to volcanoes for a little bit 936 00:40:31,280 --> 00:40:28,780 so we talked a little bit about 937 00:40:35,280 --> 00:40:31,290 volcanoes before but we've also been 938 00:40:37,530 --> 00:40:35,290 making progress with helping the USGS in 939 00:40:39,300 --> 00:40:37,540 the Kilauea volcano eruptions so we've 940 00:40:43,290 --> 00:40:39,310 been working with them providing them 941 00:40:45,600 --> 00:40:43,300 with some some interferogram some SAR in 942 00:40:47,690 --> 00:40:45,610 SAR data this is an example this is 943 00:40:51,270 --> 00:40:47,700 another one of these lovely fringe maps 944 00:40:53,760 --> 00:40:51,280 so this is actually an image and it's 945 00:40:55,320 --> 00:40:53,770 recognized I recognize this but it's the 946 00:40:59,580 --> 00:40:55,330 coastline of the Big Island of Hawaii 947 00:41:04,020 --> 00:40:59,590 here so helos up here the summit of 948 00:41:06,180 --> 00:41:04,030 kilauea would be over here and this is 949 00:41:08,190 --> 00:41:06,190 the area that this area down here is 950 00:41:10,920 --> 00:41:08,200 where all the lava flows have been 951 00:41:13,230 --> 00:41:10,930 occurring so there was magma that was 952 00:41:16,350 --> 00:41:13,240 pushed from the summit into the side of 953 00:41:19,020 --> 00:41:16,360 the volcano down to this area here and 954 00:41:21,450 --> 00:41:19,030 when the magma moves there it pushes the 955 00:41:23,760 --> 00:41:21,460 ground up and outwards and that's what 956 00:41:26,790 --> 00:41:23,770 we're seeing with this interferogram 957 00:41:28,890 --> 00:41:26,800 here with these fringes and so by this 958 00:41:31,200 --> 00:41:28,900 by using this view from space by having 959 00:41:34,320 --> 00:41:31,210 this view from space that helped the 960 00:41:37,890 --> 00:41:34,330 USGS understand what the extents of the 961 00:41:40,260 --> 00:41:37,900 magma motion was and the magma motion 962 00:41:42,540 --> 00:41:40,270 down here is really important because it 963 00:41:44,970 --> 00:41:42,550 is coming out to the surface 964 00:41:46,350 --> 00:41:44,980 and forming lava flows and destroying 965 00:41:48,630 --> 00:41:46,360 neighborhoods and destroying people's 966 00:41:50,700 --> 00:41:48,640 homes for a long time that a Kilauea 967 00:41:52,830 --> 00:41:50,710 eruption was a was kind of a friendly 968 00:41:54,390 --> 00:41:52,840 hazard that mostly the eruption was 969 00:41:57,690 --> 00:41:54,400 occurring within volcanoes national park 970 00:42:01,080 --> 00:41:57,700 but this past summer it has not been so 971 00:42:05,120 --> 00:42:01,090 friendly and that it's it's destroyed a 972 00:42:07,890 --> 00:42:05,130 lot of people's homes and neighborhoods 973 00:42:10,230 --> 00:42:07,900 so all these examples that I've been 974 00:42:12,000 --> 00:42:10,240 showing you have been part of a project 975 00:42:14,190 --> 00:42:12,010 that I mentioned at the beginning and 976 00:42:17,460 --> 00:42:14,200 with that was part of the intro called 977 00:42:20,070 --> 00:42:17,470 Aria Aria stands for advanced rapid 978 00:42:22,370 --> 00:42:20,080 imaging and analysis project so this was 979 00:42:26,310 --> 00:42:22,380 the project that we started a while ago 980 00:42:28,260 --> 00:42:26,320 because we as scientists would get asked 981 00:42:30,090 --> 00:42:28,270 for information when earthquakes and 982 00:42:32,330 --> 00:42:30,100 volcanic eruptions occurred and we 983 00:42:34,320 --> 00:42:32,340 realized that we should spend some time 984 00:42:36,770 --> 00:42:34,330 automating the way that we do our 985 00:42:40,110 --> 00:42:36,780 analysis so that we can provide 986 00:42:42,900 --> 00:42:40,120 information reliably and rapidly as 987 00:42:45,180 --> 00:42:42,910 possible to the people who need that 988 00:42:48,090 --> 00:42:45,190 information not just for science but for 989 00:42:51,210 --> 00:42:48,100 disaster response and also it motivated 990 00:42:54,300 --> 00:42:51,220 us to develop the maps like the damage 991 00:42:56,280 --> 00:42:54,310 maps so how can we use this data in a 992 00:42:57,660 --> 00:42:56,290 slightly different way that would be 993 00:42:59,730 --> 00:42:57,670 more useful for people who are 994 00:43:02,940 --> 00:42:59,740 interested in understanding where the 995 00:43:05,640 --> 00:43:02,950 damages as opposed to say the earthquake 996 00:43:08,970 --> 00:43:05,650 process or the volcanic process and so 997 00:43:11,760 --> 00:43:08,980 the Aria project has been been working 998 00:43:13,830 --> 00:43:11,770 on developing the processing systems the 999 00:43:16,860 --> 00:43:13,840 downloading the data automating the 1000 00:43:18,870 --> 00:43:16,870 download of the data and the processing 1001 00:43:20,910 --> 00:43:18,880 and then generating these research 1002 00:43:26,510 --> 00:43:20,920 projects sorry 1003 00:43:28,530 --> 00:43:26,520 research projects damage products and 1004 00:43:31,470 --> 00:43:28,540 we've been working with a lot of 1005 00:43:34,680 --> 00:43:31,480 partners over the years and this is an 1006 00:43:36,720 --> 00:43:34,690 ongoing project we're always looking for 1007 00:43:39,030 --> 00:43:36,730 ways to do things better 1008 00:43:42,060 --> 00:43:39,040 there's always another satellite that 1009 00:43:44,400 --> 00:43:42,070 we're trying to get into our automated 1010 00:43:45,960 --> 00:43:44,410 processing system but just in case you 1011 00:43:47,070 --> 00:43:45,970 think I've been talking for a really 1012 00:43:50,829 --> 00:43:47,080 long time about a lot of different 1013 00:43:53,649 --> 00:43:50,839 examples I actually cherry-picked 1014 00:43:55,719 --> 00:43:53,659 the examples of the events that we've 1015 00:43:58,179 --> 00:43:55,729 responded to and the product and the 1016 00:44:00,459 --> 00:43:58,189 areas that we've processed data over 1017 00:44:02,589 --> 00:44:00,469 some of these are disasters some of 1018 00:44:05,919 --> 00:44:02,599 these are floods a few of them are 1019 00:44:07,539 --> 00:44:05,929 actual science but for the most part you 1020 00:44:09,459 --> 00:44:07,549 know we've we've been working hard at 1021 00:44:11,949 --> 00:44:09,469 this for a number of years and we've 1022 00:44:14,890 --> 00:44:11,959 worked all over the globe in trying to 1023 00:44:18,630 --> 00:44:14,900 help with situational awareness for 1024 00:44:21,099 --> 00:44:18,640 these hazards and disaster response so 1025 00:44:24,099 --> 00:44:21,109 one thing that we're always trying to do 1026 00:44:26,229 --> 00:44:24,109 is to provide the data faster that's a 1027 00:44:29,529 --> 00:44:26,239 big reason for the Aria project to exist 1028 00:44:33,069 --> 00:44:29,539 is to get the information to the 1029 00:44:34,749 --> 00:44:33,079 disaster response agencies faster but as 1030 00:44:38,140 --> 00:44:34,759 I mentioned before the major limiting 1031 00:44:40,419 --> 00:44:38,150 factor is when the SAR satellite is 1032 00:44:43,839 --> 00:44:40,429 going to fly back over the area that 1033 00:44:45,909 --> 00:44:43,849 we're interested in and since the 1034 00:44:48,219 --> 00:44:45,919 Sentinel satellites have been launched 1035 00:44:51,549 --> 00:44:48,229 that's a set of SAR satellites that the 1036 00:44:53,199 --> 00:44:51,559 europeans launched it back in 2014 and 1037 00:44:55,779 --> 00:44:53,209 the second one in 2016 1038 00:44:57,880 --> 00:44:55,789 things have gotten really good much 1039 00:45:00,039 --> 00:44:57,890 better because it's the only SAR 1040 00:45:02,799 --> 00:45:00,049 satellite up there with free and open 1041 00:45:06,579 --> 00:45:02,809 data policy we've used data from these 1042 00:45:09,399 --> 00:45:06,589 other satellite missions the Italians 1043 00:45:14,949 --> 00:45:09,409 have a SAR satellite Japan has a star 1044 00:45:17,380 --> 00:45:14,959 satellite I Flags Germany does and 1045 00:45:20,789 --> 00:45:17,390 Canada and oddly enough for my 1046 00:45:23,529 --> 00:45:20,799 experience the Canadians have like the 1047 00:45:26,049 --> 00:45:23,539 tightest data policy we can get data 1048 00:45:29,890 --> 00:45:26,059 from the it from from the Aussie cosmos 1049 00:45:33,279 --> 00:45:29,900 sky Med and from Japan but but it's hard 1050 00:45:34,539 --> 00:45:33,289 to get radar set data and you know it's 1051 00:45:35,979 --> 00:45:34,549 not like they don't want to share their 1052 00:45:38,289 --> 00:45:35,989 data there's there's a lot of reasons 1053 00:45:40,299 --> 00:45:38,299 why they have closed data policies 1054 00:45:42,189 --> 00:45:40,309 they're not they're not being protective 1055 00:45:43,839 --> 00:45:42,199 it's it's the business model that they 1056 00:45:48,159 --> 00:45:43,849 have for launching star satellites our 1057 00:45:49,449 --> 00:45:48,169 satellites are really expensive but one 1058 00:45:52,479 --> 00:45:49,459 of the things you might have noticed is 1059 00:45:54,130 --> 00:45:52,489 that there isn't a NASA satellite up 1060 00:45:56,799 --> 00:45:54,140 here 1061 00:45:58,870 --> 00:45:56,809 all the star data and the star imagery 1062 00:46:04,090 --> 00:45:58,880 that I've been showing is actually not 1063 00:46:08,980 --> 00:46:04,100 from a NASA mission and that's coming up 1064 00:46:12,520 --> 00:46:08,990 so nice our which is the NASA is Rho is 1065 00:46:15,310 --> 00:46:12,530 Rho is the the Indian Space Agency nice 1066 00:46:17,890 --> 00:46:15,320 R is being built now they had one of 1067 00:46:22,480 --> 00:46:17,900 their major reviews this week and it's 1068 00:46:24,490 --> 00:46:22,490 being launched in 2022 which is seems 1069 00:46:28,870 --> 00:46:24,500 like it's far away but seems really 1070 00:46:30,490 --> 00:46:28,880 close for us and it's going to be free 1071 00:46:32,920 --> 00:46:30,500 and open data it's going to have a 1072 00:46:34,960 --> 00:46:32,930 12-day repeat which means because of the 1073 00:46:37,030 --> 00:46:34,970 way that the orbits work it means that 1074 00:46:41,050 --> 00:46:37,040 over a particular area we'll be able to 1075 00:46:43,810 --> 00:46:41,060 image it once every six days and so that 1076 00:46:45,550 --> 00:46:43,820 will help out a lot in us being able to 1077 00:46:47,620 --> 00:46:45,560 respond to these types of disasters 1078 00:46:49,270 --> 00:46:47,630 faster and that's another thing that Ari 1079 00:46:51,790 --> 00:46:49,280 is trying to do is basically to get 1080 00:46:54,340 --> 00:46:51,800 ready for nice R so that once this 1081 00:46:57,070 --> 00:46:54,350 launches we have everything in place to 1082 00:47:00,490 --> 00:46:57,080 take the data and be able to generate 1083 00:47:04,600 --> 00:47:00,500 the disaster response products and so 1084 00:47:07,630 --> 00:47:04,610 with that I want to say thank you to the 1085 00:47:11,320 --> 00:47:07,640 Aria team it's a large group of people 1086 00:47:14,260 --> 00:47:11,330 at JPL it's been a really fun group to 1087 00:47:16,030 --> 00:47:14,270 work with a lot of the there's a lot of 1088 00:47:20,140 --> 00:47:16,040 names here the photos here are people 1089 00:47:24,790 --> 00:47:20,150 who provided figures and an input to 1090 00:47:27,220 --> 00:47:24,800 this talk and I think that I will go to 1091 00:47:36,440 --> 00:47:27,230 the my last slide and we can open it up 1092 00:47:45,320 --> 00:47:40,760 oh I'm supposed to say if you do have 1093 00:47:53,420 --> 00:47:45,330 any questions please go up to the mic in 1094 00:47:55,700 --> 00:47:53,430 the middle so thank you Susan 1095 00:47:59,420 --> 00:47:55,710 the first question I have is to do that 1096 00:48:02,450 --> 00:47:59,430 high high resolution on the order of 1097 00:48:04,780 --> 00:48:02,460 millimeters interferometry I assume you 1098 00:48:08,090 --> 00:48:04,790 need precision orbit determination yes 1099 00:48:09,710 --> 00:48:08,100 so do you have the kinds of things that 1100 00:48:11,990 --> 00:48:09,720 we use on topics for example laser 1101 00:48:15,710 --> 00:48:12,000 rangefinders and all those kinds of 1102 00:48:19,700 --> 00:48:15,720 things that were used to get we're using 1103 00:48:21,380 --> 00:48:19,710 GPS to get the precision orbits or you 1104 00:48:22,790 --> 00:48:21,390 don't need the laser rangefinders that 1105 00:48:25,280 --> 00:48:22,800 topik said don't need the laser 1106 00:48:27,860 --> 00:48:25,290 rangefinders no GPS gives you a precise 1107 00:48:30,380 --> 00:48:27,870 enough orbit that's good the other 1108 00:48:32,650 --> 00:48:30,390 question is your your map of Pasadena 1109 00:48:35,150 --> 00:48:32,660 that showed you know the red dots yeah 1110 00:48:36,530 --> 00:48:35,160 the building permits Department want to 1111 00:48:39,280 --> 00:48:36,540 really go and look at all those red dots 1112 00:48:42,680 --> 00:48:39,290 and make sure people did pull permits 1113 00:48:46,310 --> 00:48:42,690 well I think what so what sang-ho did 1114 00:48:50,540 --> 00:48:46,320 was he was able to reverse geo locate so 1115 00:48:52,370 --> 00:48:50,550 he got addresses from the map and then 1116 00:48:55,550 --> 00:48:52,380 yeah he was able they were able to do 1117 00:48:57,320 --> 00:48:55,560 that well you're a researcher went and 1118 00:48:59,000 --> 00:48:57,330 looked at them a good pasadena wanted to 1119 00:49:00,620 --> 00:48:59,010 say hey that that red dot there if they 1120 00:49:02,240 --> 00:49:00,630 never pulled up early Oh could they want 1121 00:49:07,250 --> 00:49:02,250 to do that oh yeah okay sorry 1122 00:49:10,370 --> 00:49:07,260 that that question yeah we haven't we've 1123 00:49:13,690 --> 00:49:10,380 thought about that but sang-ho didn't go 1124 00:49:16,570 --> 00:49:13,700 to the Pasadena City Hall with the map 1125 00:49:20,260 --> 00:49:16,580 he went with with a list of addresses 1126 00:49:22,940 --> 00:49:20,270 and so so yeah they they didn't seem to 1127 00:49:25,400 --> 00:49:22,950 see this as an opportunity although we 1128 00:49:27,560 --> 00:49:25,410 have suggested that not you know amongst 1129 00:49:28,940 --> 00:49:27,570 ourselves we want to use this for 1130 00:49:39,470 --> 00:49:28,950 disasters we don't want people shutting 1131 00:49:45,500 --> 00:49:39,480 us down okay okay thank you so there's 1132 00:49:47,330 --> 00:49:45,510 questions from online sea with GPS data 1133 00:49:50,010 --> 00:49:47,340 can we detect changes in the shape of 1134 00:49:57,830 --> 00:49:50,020 the planet due to gravitational 1135 00:50:03,690 --> 00:50:00,750 due to gravitational variations as we 1136 00:50:05,010 --> 00:50:03,700 orbit so the best way I mean what I want 1137 00:50:07,050 --> 00:50:05,020 to say is the best way to detect 1138 00:50:08,550 --> 00:50:07,060 gravitational variations is with a 1139 00:50:10,850 --> 00:50:08,560 different satellite that we have for 1140 00:50:14,370 --> 00:50:10,860 measuring gravity which is called grace 1141 00:50:17,970 --> 00:50:14,380 and I'm trying to think of it we do sea 1142 00:50:20,790 --> 00:50:17,980 tides though in GPS so when you're 1143 00:50:22,920 --> 00:50:20,800 looking at GPS second-by-second you can 1144 00:50:26,280 --> 00:50:22,930 see tidal variations in the GPS so I'm 1145 00:50:29,460 --> 00:50:26,290 going to answer that one yes let's see 1146 00:50:32,790 --> 00:50:29,470 how can citizen scientists contribute to 1147 00:50:35,070 --> 00:50:32,800 mapping eg and Mexico City that's a good 1148 00:50:37,770 --> 00:50:35,080 question so often when we do these 1149 00:50:39,630 --> 00:50:37,780 damage maps we you know we post them 1150 00:50:40,710 --> 00:50:39,640 online there are some news stories we 1151 00:50:43,440 --> 00:50:40,720 give them to the disaster response 1152 00:50:46,740 --> 00:50:43,450 agencies and we get we actually get 1153 00:50:48,510 --> 00:50:46,750 emails from people saying that they're 1154 00:50:49,950 --> 00:50:48,520 trying to do their own you know they're 1155 00:50:51,870 --> 00:50:49,960 their citizen scientists and they're 1156 00:50:57,630 --> 00:50:51,880 very interested in the map 1157 00:51:01,650 --> 00:50:57,640 I think they're are trying to think now 1158 00:51:04,650 --> 00:51:01,660 if there's a good organization to send 1159 00:51:06,240 --> 00:51:04,660 you to off the top of my head I'm not 1160 00:51:09,300 --> 00:51:06,250 thinking about thinking of them but I 1161 00:51:12,210 --> 00:51:09,310 think there are some online groups that 1162 00:51:15,960 --> 00:51:12,220 are trying to coordinate damage mapping 1163 00:51:18,540 --> 00:51:15,970 I think Google actually sets up a site 1164 00:51:21,300 --> 00:51:18,550 for large disasters where they try and 1165 00:51:27,420 --> 00:51:21,310 collect information and so you might 1166 00:51:32,970 --> 00:51:27,430 check out Google does InSAR have a 1167 00:51:35,010 --> 00:51:32,980 maneuvering engine so let me see if I 1168 00:51:37,680 --> 00:51:35,020 can guess actually let me first let me 1169 00:51:39,600 --> 00:51:37,690 say that there is a picture of nice are 1170 00:51:43,200 --> 00:51:39,610 up here we actually also have a model a 1171 00:51:47,580 --> 00:51:43,210 scale model of nice are here so it does 1172 00:51:49,590 --> 00:51:47,590 have the ability to shift the way that 1173 00:51:51,930 --> 00:51:49,600 it's looking at the earth but in the 1174 00:51:54,540 --> 00:51:51,940 nice our orbital plan an observation 1175 00:51:56,970 --> 00:51:54,550 plan we're not planning on targeting it 1176 00:51:59,610 --> 00:51:56,980 so we're not planning on shifting it 1177 00:52:02,430 --> 00:51:59,620 back and forth so if a disaster happens 1178 00:52:05,190 --> 00:52:02,440 we're not going to task it 1179 00:52:08,819 --> 00:52:05,200 to change the way it's looking so that 1180 00:52:11,190 --> 00:52:08,829 it will image that disaster faster it 1181 00:52:16,859 --> 00:52:11,200 does not have the resources to do that 1182 00:52:19,410 --> 00:52:16,869 uh let's see another question can we no 1183 00:52:26,940 --> 00:52:19,420 wait wait can we use these techniques 1184 00:52:29,819 --> 00:52:26,950 for earthquakes within the ocean no in 1185 00:52:33,180 --> 00:52:29,829 SAR well let me put it this let me put 1186 00:52:36,390 --> 00:52:33,190 it slightly differently so so Tohoku was 1187 00:52:39,420 --> 00:52:36,400 an earthquake in the ocean it kurd 1188 00:52:41,520 --> 00:52:39,430 offshore the earthquakes down in Chile 1189 00:52:43,230 --> 00:52:41,530 there epicenters are usually offshore 1190 00:52:46,050 --> 00:52:43,240 and so if they're big enough and they 1191 00:52:50,940 --> 00:52:46,060 cause motion on land we can see the 1192 00:52:52,680 --> 00:52:50,950 earthquake in the ocean but we can't we 1193 00:52:54,059 --> 00:52:52,690 can't use it if it's like way out in the 1194 00:52:58,280 --> 00:52:54,069 middle of the ocean and it doesn't cause 1195 00:53:02,089 --> 00:52:58,290 any surface you know hard land to move 1196 00:53:05,730 --> 00:53:02,099 for GPS there is a technique called 1197 00:53:09,420 --> 00:53:05,740 seafloor GPS which I didn't talk about 1198 00:53:11,579 --> 00:53:09,430 but they put they put transponders down 1199 00:53:15,300 --> 00:53:11,589 on the bottom of the ocean and then they 1200 00:53:17,220 --> 00:53:15,310 use the GPS on a ship that goes over the 1201 00:53:19,470 --> 00:53:17,230 transponder and then they do repeat 1202 00:53:21,690 --> 00:53:19,480 surveys of the location of the 1203 00:53:24,690 --> 00:53:21,700 transponder and they can measure the 1204 00:53:27,150 --> 00:53:24,700 motion of the transponder on the ocean 1205 00:53:30,329 --> 00:53:27,160 floor so they can track the motion of 1206 00:53:33,000 --> 00:53:30,339 plates or that the crust the oceanic 1207 00:53:34,910 --> 00:53:33,010 crust that way and they actually have 1208 00:53:37,319 --> 00:53:34,920 these transponders off the shore of 1209 00:53:39,300 --> 00:53:37,329 Japan where they have fairly high rates 1210 00:53:42,270 --> 00:53:39,310 of motion and they've also tested them 1211 00:53:44,819 --> 00:53:42,280 off the shore of Pacific Northwest but 1212 00:53:46,079 --> 00:53:44,829 it's not really out in the middle of out 1213 00:53:48,750 --> 00:53:46,089 in the middle of the ocean so I think 1214 00:53:52,319 --> 00:53:48,760 that's that question and then that's it 1215 00:53:56,579 --> 00:53:52,329 so did you have one of the first 1216 00:54:00,839 --> 00:53:56,589 applications of synthetic aperture radar 1217 00:54:02,670 --> 00:54:00,849 was Magellan spacecraft well okay the 1218 00:54:07,650 --> 00:54:02,680 first time actually a planet has been 1219 00:54:11,400 --> 00:54:07,660 and after the first year the second year 1220 00:54:13,240 --> 00:54:11,410 we saw the differences and you can tell 1221 00:54:19,150 --> 00:54:13,250 the changes 1222 00:54:22,650 --> 00:54:19,160 that was back in 1980s no can you 1223 00:54:27,640 --> 00:54:22,660 quickly talk about the changes in the 1224 00:54:32,530 --> 00:54:27,650 technology and instrumentation from over 1225 00:54:36,730 --> 00:54:32,540 this thirty years because back then it 1226 00:54:40,510 --> 00:54:36,740 was we did the best we can do right yeah 1227 00:54:42,160 --> 00:54:40,520 well I know a lot of people who can 1228 00:54:45,069 --> 00:54:42,170 answer that in a lot greater detail but 1229 00:54:47,020 --> 00:54:45,079 in my eye I don't go all the way back to 1230 00:54:49,540 --> 00:54:47,030 Magellan but in the years that I've been 1231 00:54:52,030 --> 00:54:49,550 working with the InSAR scientists I'll 1232 00:54:54,819 --> 00:54:52,040 tell you you know what I've observed in 1233 00:54:56,770 --> 00:54:54,829 terms of our ability and the improvement 1234 00:55:01,410 --> 00:54:56,780 in the technology one of them it one of 1235 00:55:05,440 --> 00:55:01,420 the improvements is the ability to get 1236 00:55:08,230 --> 00:55:05,450 precise orbits and to have the satellite 1237 00:55:11,290 --> 00:55:08,240 track precisely that were a bit so in 1238 00:55:14,319 --> 00:55:11,300 the early days of the synthetic aperture 1239 00:55:18,370 --> 00:55:14,329 radar you you might get an image over 1240 00:55:21,190 --> 00:55:18,380 say la a repeat image overlay but the 1241 00:55:23,829 --> 00:55:21,200 satellite was so far it doesn't travel 1242 00:55:26,530 --> 00:55:23,839 and precisely the same path and if it's 1243 00:55:29,650 --> 00:55:26,540 too far away from the prior image the 1244 00:55:30,490 --> 00:55:29,660 baseline that they call it if that was 1245 00:55:32,819 --> 00:55:30,500 too long 1246 00:55:36,550 --> 00:55:32,829 you couldn't form an interferogram and 1247 00:55:38,380 --> 00:55:36,560 that happened a lot and so the number of 1248 00:55:42,280 --> 00:55:38,390 images that you could actually make 1249 00:55:45,130 --> 00:55:42,290 pairs from was much smaller now with 1250 00:55:48,520 --> 00:55:45,140 like with sentinel seems like every time 1251 00:55:49,900 --> 00:55:48,530 it's going over la you know that that 1252 00:55:52,300 --> 00:55:49,910 base line is going to be short enough 1253 00:55:54,099 --> 00:55:52,310 that you can form that image to make to 1254 00:55:56,589 --> 00:55:54,109 make the difference so that's the 1255 00:55:59,140 --> 00:55:56,599 biggest change that I've seen I know 1256 00:56:00,790 --> 00:55:59,150 that nice R has this sweep serve 1257 00:56:04,089 --> 00:56:00,800 technology that I'm not even going to 1258 00:56:06,940 --> 00:56:04,099 try to explain but it allows this 1259 00:56:09,130 --> 00:56:06,950 satellite to get a wide swath and yet 1260 00:56:10,960 --> 00:56:09,140 also still get fairly high resolution 1261 00:56:12,970 --> 00:56:10,970 because usually it's a trade-off between 1262 00:56:15,370 --> 00:56:12,980 you know the area that you're imaging 1263 00:56:18,099 --> 00:56:15,380 and the resolution that you can get was 1264 00:56:20,079 --> 00:56:18,109 the pixel size but with the sweeps are 1265 00:56:24,870 --> 00:56:20,089 technology they're able to get kind of 1266 00:56:31,500 --> 00:56:28,720 any other questions okay all right 1267 00:56:49,710 --> 00:56:31,510 well thank you everybody